As it stands, each badge is assigned a number that you can access it by at {sitename}/help/badges/{number}
.
However, there's no way to access the badge by its name:
{sitename}/help/badges/guru
Integers would be fine, however, they vary depending on site:
For example, on Stack Overflow, badge number 58
is the tag for vb.net, whereas on Code Review, badge number 58
is the sportsmanship tag.
It might also be good for the global tags (tags every site, even beta sites) to use the same IDs and have each tag varying.