TL;DR; to fix it, you have to re-upload the picture again, which cause new thumbnail creation process.
When uploading a picture to SE, it is actually sent to imgur for hosting. While the original picture is saved, imgur also creates bunch of thumbnails, meaning smaller versions of the picture with fixed size, e.g. 32x32 or 48x48 pixels, which are used in various places and save lots of bandwidth.
Sometimes, something breaks when generating these thumbnails, however as animuson said in a commentsaid in a comment, this is not a bug on Stack Exchange side, but rather on imgur side, and SE can't fix it.